This post uses Dollhouse as a way of examining some ideas. If you haven’t watched Dollhouse, but want to, then I recommend avoiding it, since it has some significant spoilers, and the show really will be better if you don’t know. But if you’re never going to watch Dollhouse then read ahead, you don’t need to know anything about the show to understand the post.
I can’t remember when the character descriptions for Dollhouse first leaked. I was surprised, and happy to read November’s:
20’s, any ethnicity, beautiful and heavy. Another Doll, a hopeful child in the house and everyone else you need her to be outside. A comforting, radiant presence, who tends to get fewer of the criminal gigs and more of the personal ones. Recurring.
Later, when the casting was announced and I saw Miracle Laurie, I was disappointed, more than surprised. Like Amp, I assumed that ‘heavy’ had turned out to be an optional part of the character description.
Miracle Laurie is only a recurring character, and her media appearances appear to be arranged by her saying yes when people ask her, rather than by any publicity department. She’s given several, reasonably in depth interviews with fans of Dollhouse, and I’ve realised that I was wrong. Heavy wasn’t, in the end, treated as an optional part of the character description. The truth is far more disturbing.
In two recent interviews Miracle Laurie talked about being cast as November. She says that she read the cast break-down and thought: “This is it – this character is perfect for me. If I don’t get this part it’ll be my fault for not working hard enough.” In one of her interviews she even recites the character description. When I read the character description, I had no idea of how limited “beautiful and heavy” really was. Miracle Laurie may only have one other credit to her name, but she understands Hollywood better than I can.
But there was more to it than that, because Dollhouse had quite a complicated development process. Fox didn’t like Joss’s original plan for November,1 so pretty much on the fly (as Miracle Laurie describes it) the writers came up with a new idea for November as Mellie, as Paul Ballard’s next-door neighbour.
Miracle Laurie has said that Joss had to fight to keep her in the role, to keep his vision of November. To take a small step and there conclusions are, Fox wanted to recast November when it was decided that the character would have sex with Tahmoh Penikett, and that this would be the only on-going sexual relationship in the first season
I want to tease why I think Fox wanted to recast November. I don’t think it was as simple as her not being ‘attractive’ enough, or at least not in the sense of being sexually attractive. Dollhouse is not short of scenes designed to appeal to those attracted to women, the dress that is actually a shirt, or the dominatrix outfit are only the most obvious. Fox has plenty of material that is geared to what it thinks its 18-34 year old male viewers want to watch.
The casting description made it clear that November would be having sexual scenes. There is no reason that November being Mellie would change the extent to which Miracle Laurie would be in scenes that were sexual. (I’m deliberately ignoring the fact that I find the idea that Miracle Laurie would be considered ‘not attractive’ enough for, well anything, patently ridiculous.)
What changed, when November became Mellie, wasn’t the way her body would be seen on the show, but the meaning of those scenes. Fox didn’t want to re-cast November because Mellie was going to have sex scenes, they wanted to re-cast November because she was going to have a sexual relationship with the male lead character.
It’s not about what Fox thinks its male viewers want, it’s about want Fox thinks its female viewers need – in order to buy whatever is being advertised. Ratings may be king in TV-land, but the raison d’etre of TV isn’t actually to get viewers, but to get viewers to watch advertisements. Or, more precisely, get viewers to watch advertisements and for those advertisements to work.
Which is where Sarah Haskins comes in. For those who don’t know her, Sarah Haskins is the genius feminist comedian who focuses on the way media targets women (really if you haven’t seen her stuff – just go and spend a couple of hours on youtube and come back – its that good). She shows how inane and ridiculous media targeted at women is. Here is her segment on yoghurt:
Here is her segment on chocolate:
Everyone who watches those ads knows that 150 calorie warm delight minis aren’t going to be that good (whittakers Dark Almond chocolate isn’t as good as they make warm delight minis look, and it has sugar and cocoa butter in it), and calling yoghurt key lime pie doesn’t make it key lime pie rather than yoghurt.
But the advertisements make more sense if you think about the programs that contain them.
The women screaming and rioting in the 100 calorie oreo advertisement will only resonate with a woman who believes she should take up no space. Comparing yoplait to a private island makes sense only if you think you should be denying yourself the sustenance and pleasure that comes from food and yoghurt is as good as it gets.
And all these ideas fit better after watching a sex scene between Tahmoh Penikett and (hypothetically) Amy Acker than they do after watching a sex scene between Tahmoh Penikett and Miracle Laurie.
For most women, looking like Miracle Laurie is just as much as an unattainable beauty standard than looking like Amy Acker (who is an awesome actress, and I’m just using as an example because she’s also in Dollhouse). Miracle Laurie is somewhere round the bottom 15% of American women when it comes to height and weight ratio and her body is of a particular type (plus her hair looks like shampoo commercial).
But Miracle Laurie as Mellie, given her story arc, does disrupt an idea that advertisers rely on. I think any single image of what is attractive is damaging (particularly for women, given how we are taught to view our attractiveness as a primary factor in our value). But one of the things that I think is particularly damaging about the standard of beauty in our society is that there is no end, there is no ‘thin enough.’ Our society has an anorexic vision of women – where any flesh, any fat, any space is too much.
And it’s a profitable vision. Advertisers, and therefore executives, don’t want it disrupted.
This may sounds conspiratorial, clearly television works that way, at least in part, but is it conscious I it designed? What justification do the Fox executives themselves give when they want to recast November? Obviously I have no idea, I live in New Zealand. But I think it’s important to understand that such profitable ideas don’t just exist, they have to be created and maintained.
I think the easiest ways to understand this is to turn to an earlier way of selling women things. The Feminine Mystique is an incredibly strong exploration of one of the problems women faced in the post-war period (it’s much weaker as a total explanation of women’s situation at the time). Betty Friedan’s famous book outlines the ‘problem with no name’, a situation where women who are trying to be what women are told they should want, are in fact miserable, even if they succeed. Of particular relevance to this discussion, she asks “How did this happen? How did so many women get persuaded that they needed to be something that would never make them happy.”
In the second chapter, Betty Friedan outlines how, in the 1940s, the parameters of what a heroine was allowed to be changed in fiction aimed towards women. She talks in some details about how women with jobs, careers, education, or a desire for any of these things, were slowly written out of the fiction that ran in the women’s magazines. Then in Chapter 9 she starts to ask some of the bigger questions:
Some months ago, as I began to fit together the puzzle of women’s retreat to home, I had the feeling I was missing something. I, despite the nameless desperation of so many American housewives, despite the opportunities open to all women now, so few have any purpose in life other than to be a wife and mother, somebody, something pretty powerful must be at work.
There are certain fats of life so obvious and mundane that one never talks about them. […]Why is it never said that the really crucial function, the really important role tat women serve as housewives is to buy more things for the house In all the talk of femininity and woman’s role, one forgets that the real business of America is business. But the perpetuation of housewifery, the growth of the feminine mystique, makes sense (and dollars) when one realizes are the chief customers of American business. Somehow, somewhere, someone must have figured out that women will buy more things if they are kept in the underused nameless-yearning, energy-to-get-rid-of-sate of being housewives.
She doesn’t just state this as a theory; she explores how this happened. She talks to advertisers’ researchers and survey takers. They tell her how important it is that women are persuaded of the validity of roles that they actually find unsatisfying in order that the advertisers can sell products. They describe the research they do to measure how women respond to different ideas. How they use the research that they have, and the media that they have access to maintain the image of women that will allow them to sell the most stuff. She ties it all together, by going back to the magazines that changed the sorts of stories they carry, and showing the connections between them and the advertisers.
The Fox executives probably didn’t say “If November’s sleeping with Ballard we want her re-cast, because otherwise she won’t make women feel bad enough about themselves.” The process has probably got more complicated sine the 1950s, but the mechanisms will have remained the same. Researchers and marketers will tell the networks what the advertisers want them to hear.
The range of bodies that get shown on TV is so narrow, that Miracle Laurie has been trumpeted as exceptional. She was asked what it felt to look different from other women on set – as if the difference between a size zero or two and a size six or eight or whatever was a rubicon between the normal and the great unknown and unaccepted. She answered:
Let me start by saying thank you to those of you who have said ridiculously kind and sweet things about my work on the show, but also about my figure. It’s a very satisfying feeling to have one of the most influential creators, producers and writers in the industry fight to have “normal-sized women” on his shows. To have Joss Whedon say, “You’re beautiful, sexy, strong and normal and there should be more women like you on TV and I don’t know why there aren’t” feels incredible, as you could imagine. I think everyone wants to be skinnier than they are, it’s just the way it is
That Miracle Laurie is an exception when it comes to the amount of space women are allowed to take up on screen is ridiculous. That this is how far Joss Whedon can get when he fights is a demonstration how inflexible television’s view of women is.
******
At Comicon Joss was asked why he was fascinated by the idea of The Dollhouse:
Have you been in America? I mean I like to consider myself a great documentarian. The entire structure is designed to mess with your mind, to combine selling you things with entertaining you. To keep you in line, to think that you need the things they want you to need, and to stay away from the things they want you to stay away from. To keep them in power, to share none of it. This is all happening. There are lights in the darkness. The art that we get to create because the powerful patrons let us is one of them. But sometimes, yeah, it’s like running the daycare on the death-star.
I love Joss; I love the television he creates. I’m convinced his politics have got more radical and outspoken since the writers strike, which is awesome. And if this speech is a tad self-indulgent, I’d be self-indulgent too if I got treated the way Joss gets treated at Comic-con.
But sometimes it’s not the daycare.
- I’m really curious about what the original plan for November was, but there’s been no leaking in that department. I can’t imagine it’d be cooler than what they ended up doing with Mellie, but I could be wrong [↩]
I could immediately tell that Mellie was supposed to be heavy, just because she wasn’t size 0. The conversation went something like:
me:”Oh, she’s supposed to be the neighbor girl. She’ll probably pine after him and not get him because she’s the nice fat girl.”
boyfriend: “What? Fat girl? She’s not fat”
me: “This is television, and she’s heavier than Echo. She’s the sweet fat girl. Look she’s even baking and stuff. Skinny girls don’t bake.”
boyfriend: “Whatever”
Hollywood is a sad place. What it does to us is sadder.
Brilliant article.
One of my male friends once said to me while watching TV; “I don’t WANT a supermodel. I want a woman I can roll around on.” I know more men with that opinion than not.
This is the best post I’ve read by you, Maia. Thanks.
I think Friedan and the advertisers of her day underestimated how neurotic they could make women. In the 1950s, women were expected to be most of the labor for the home, so their buying was limited: clothes could be repaired if they got torn, meals were assembled and cooked at home, etc. By allowing women to work outside the home while still expecting them to bear full responsibility for domestic labor, advertisers were able to greatly increase what they could sell to women.
Women now need clothing appropriate for the workplace AND that appropriate for home and errands. The things that a full-time domestic laborer would have had time to do no longer can fit into the full-time market worker’s schedule, so more meals have to be bought at restaurants or ready to be heated in microwave or oven (Michael Pollack has mentioned how brilliant it was to devise stuff that required just enough work to feel like one was still doing one’s God-given duty to Cook For the Family) and more of what used to be made at home, like Halloween costumes, now requires a trip to the store (that somehow always seems to be supervised by Mom…).
Women who are both full-time market laborers and the primary domestic labor no longer exist in an energy-to-get-rid-of-state, but it turns out that exhausted women will buy even more stuff than women with unused energy did, if you convince them that their failure to buy something makes them bad workers/ wives/ mothers/ neighbors/ etc.
Geek: I think the baking was being set up deliberately undercut when they got the together. But Hollywood is definately a sad, strange place.
rebelliousrose: I understand what you’re saying here. But I think it’s important not to use hetrosexual men’s desire to value women’s worth, even to present an alternative to damaging views.
Jake Squid – Wow thanks a lot. Now I feel pressure to edit and finish all the sentances.
PG – I think that’s an interesting point. Although I think it’s important to compare consumption in the 1950s to consumption in the 40s and 30s in order to understand the purpose of the feminine mystique.
But the point I’m making is more about dissatisfaction. Clearly capitalism survived the fall of the feminine mystique, and continued to find ways to sell stuff to people (capitalism is good at that). But the connection I want to draw is that upholding a standard for women that is impossible to succeed and the striving to achieve will just make women miserable.
Although I think it’s important to compare consumption in the 1950s to consumption in the 40s and 30s in order to understand the purpose of the feminine mystique.
At least in the U.S., you’d have to figure out how to disaggregate the effects of the Great Depression, World War II and the postwar shortage of goods in order to do a valid comparison between the 1930s-1940s and the 1950s, which latter decade benefited not only from general peace and prosperity, but also from the advances in technology made in wartime:
This post started an interesting exchange between me and my husband.
He insisted that Miracle Laurie is indeed, “a little bit heavy.” I asked him why he had never characterized Lucy Lawless as a little bit heavy during her Xena years and he said that she was considerably smaller than Ms. Laurie.
I then found photos of both actresses online and asked him to compare. He was stunned to see that they really were just about the same body-type. In the late 1990s, when Xena was on television, size zeros were less common and Lucy Lawless appeared only buff and powerful and sexy to my husband. As the accpetable female body type has changed to appear smaller and smaller, the same body type now appears to be “a little bit heavy” to him.
The moral of the story is that we don’t always see with our own eyes, sometimes what we see is filtered through a societal mirror.
Regarding Mellie, I couldn’t help but be a bit disappointed to discover that Mellie’s past life was “mother.” And I found myself very much disliking the ways in which Mellie was figured as the nurturing figure who was set free only after she made peace with herself as a mother without a child (thus making her, within the scope of television, a failed mother).
As a sidenote to that, I was watching “Say Anything” again for the first time in a very long time and I found myself shocked by Ione Skye’s body, which looked, by today’s standards, fat, though only because she wasn’t a size 0 and clearly had hips and flesh on her arms. And when I saw her, I first thought, “Oh, well she’s supposed to be the smart girl.” And then I realized that even today, the smart girl’s just a very thin girl in glasses, with her hair pulled back sternly in a bun.
Thank you for this article. I’ve become a reluctant fan of Dollhouse despite Fox’s systematic stripping of anything that could’ve been *remotely* feminist about it. And as a fan, I’ve also been saddened by the treatment of Miracle Laurie as a “heavy” girl when she’s a gorgeous size 8 tops, although I wasn’t as surprised as you were — as soon as I saw that description, I recalled how Tara on “Buffy” was seen as the dowdy fat girl, and I had a pretty good idea of what was coming.
P.S. Sarah Haskins is my hero.
I am thankful that there is more access to british tv here in the us these days. For som reason, thebrits seem to cast a wider variety of normal looking folks in all kinds of tv, even iconic roles. the lead women in the last series of Doctor Who and Torchwood were by no means skinny, and even Maid Marian in Robin Hood had a not safe for US tv figure. There’s also loads more racial diversity – it doesn’t seem as self conscious either.
Improvements can be made, of course, but I watch and think “if only”…
I don’t know if you’ve noticed, but Sarah Haskins has lost weight as she has become more popular over the last two years. Her first videos show a distinctly rounder Sarah. So she is not immune to the pressure.
Thanks for all the comments. I do agree that television’s vision has got so much narrower, although I’m not sure of the reasons. Zardeenah – the point about British TV is particularly interesting, as BBC do not produce for advertisers, it makes sense that the window of acceptable woudl be wider (while still being narrow).
I just want to note that I think that Millie’s comment is completely inappropriate. I don’t think it’s OK to perpetuate that women’s bodies are public commodities. Of course Sarah Haskins isn’t immune from the pressure. None of us are. That doesn’t make comments publicly discussing your assumptions about how she deals with it OK. Comments about other women’s bodies are rude, and take place in the context of the idea that it’s up to women to police each other’s bodies. Neither of which I”m OK with.
I worked really hard to remove any comment about Miracle Laurie’s body from this post. I was considering providing an explicit request to commenters not to make her body the subject of discussion. It would have never occured to me that I would have had to do the same about Sarah Haskins
Ah, progressivism, where the first line of defense on expressing yourself is making sure you aren’t going to mention a fact that will offend some other progressive’s worldview…
Robert, three points.
1) imo that was a genuinely stupid comment.
2) Please don’t comment on this thread again.
3) If you want to respond to this comment of mine, take it to an open thread.
Maia, this was a really good post. I initially skipped it because I thought it was a Dollhouse review; I’m glad that worrying about whether I’d need to moderate Robert’s assinine comment meant that I took the time to glance at the thread, realize this wasn’t going to contain spoilers for a show that I eventually intend to see, and discover that this post was really good — as Jake said, one of the best pieces of your writing I’ve seen.
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Fascinating post, thank you; I actually came here to see if you’d posted about “Echo” yet, but this is a more than adequate substitute!
“I’m convinced his politics have got more radical and outspoken”
My pet theory is that Dollhouse is to marxism as Buffy was to feminism. It concerns the exploitation of one class of people by another; the exploited class is literally alienated from their work, with no sense of the overall nature or purpose of the system within which they reside; the individuals in this class are literally treated as things, and are made to believe they are freely choosing what is in fact being forced upon them; and through this make-believe, the dollhouse itself provides a frame story that alienates us, as viewers, and makes us aware of much of what happens in each episode as a constructed text. (The clearest example being Mellie’s parody of empowerment in “Man on the Street”.) The quote you offer from Whedon would seem to support this, which is satisfying for me! I think I could even counter your argument re: the extrapolation of the effect of technology in “Epitaph One”, to an extent, by suggesting that the logic of the story really demands it ends in some kind of revolutionary change.
None of which does away with the problems the show has, of course, but I find it an interesting alternate lens to use.
Oh, and — how *was* Whedon treated at Comic-Con? I seem to have completely missed any relevant reports.
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What. The. Hell?
millie’s “stupid” comment means exactly one thing: advertising is pervasive, and you can’t even satirize it without making concessions. Which is true and people tend to forget. It doesn’t mean “OMFG, she was a whale – good that she noticed people couldn’t look at her!”
That said, I give serious weight to the idea of her just having had a tighter agenda. And, BTW, talking about people is … expected. If the problem is talking about “bodies”: well, do you think your body is more sacred than your thoughts?
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