{"id":8653,"date":"2009-09-05T06:15:24","date_gmt":"2009-09-05T13:15:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/theangryblackwoman.com\/?p=1114"},"modified":"2009-09-05T06:15:24","modified_gmt":"2009-09-05T13:15:24","slug":"american-women-athletes-part-two-how-intersex-athletes-are-punished-by-the-gender-testing-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/amptoons.com\/blog\/?p=8653","title":{"rendered":"American Women Athletes Part Two: How intersex athletes are punished by the gender testing system"},"content":{"rendered":"

The first thing that we are going to need to know, is, what exactly is Intersexuality?<\/a><\/p>\n

Then we are ready for the history behind sex testing. Transgriot starts off with Gender Drama at the 1936 Olympics<\/a><\/p>\n

Robert Ritchie, John Reynard and Tom Lewis continue with Intersex and the Olympic Games<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

In the following 30 years, the sporting media speculated that <\/sup>several other female athletes had DSDs because they possessed <\/sup>physical attributes which would generally be associated with <\/sup>the male sex. Still without formal gender verification, these <\/sup>rumours remained as such, fuelled by the media who were fully <\/sup>aware that there would be never be any scientific evidence to <\/sup>disprove them. Thus, journalists reported that genetically male <\/sup>Eastern Bloc athletes were binding their genitals and competing <\/sup>as females. Gender controversy also surrounded Irina and Tamara <\/sup>Press, two Russian sisters (Figure 2<\/a>) who were dominant in a <\/sup>variety of female track and field events during the 1950s and <\/sup>1960s. They won 26 world records and six Olympic gold medals.
\nAs media hype [eyeroll] reached fever pitch, compulsory gender verification <\/sup>in the form of a gynaecological examination was introduced <\/sup>prior to the 1966 European athletics championship.<\/strong><\/span> In these <\/sup>so-called \u2018nude parades\u2019, athletes were forced to <\/sup> stand naked in front of a committee and were subjected to an <\/sup>inspection of their external gentalia.<\/span> <\/strong><\/span>243 women attended for <\/sup>examination and no abnormalities were reported. Neither of the <\/sup>Press sisters attended and they were never to appear in athletic <\/sup>competition again. Their absence was widely interpreted as evidence <\/sup>they both possessed abnormal external genitalia. It is still <\/sup>not known whether the Press sisters deliberately misrepresented <\/sup>their gender or, as seems more likely, they both had a DSD.<\/p>\n

….<\/p>\n

<\/span>Notably, gender testing in athletics has never<\/span><\/span> identified an <\/sup>individual deliberately misrepresenting their gender<\/span><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span>11<\/sup><\/strong><\/a>,<\/sup><\/strong><\/span>12<\/sup><\/strong><\/a> Testing <\/sup>has, however, created controversy and embarrassment for a significant <\/sup>number of female athletes competing, often unknowingly, with <\/sup>some form of intersex disorder. Indeed, there is no evidence <\/sup>that female athletes with DSDs have displayed any sports-relevant <\/sup>physical attributes which have not been seen in biologically <\/sup>normal female athletes.<\/strong><\/span>6<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>12<\/sup><\/a> MORE<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Need a couple of examples of athletes who have been fucked over by this ridiculous system? I am so glad you asked! Thats a man:Ewa Klobukowska, Erika Schinegger, Maria Jose Martinez Patino, Santhi Soundarajan<\/a> More on Santhi Soundarajan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

But there is more to it than that, although, frustratingly, I missed my chance to present it to you. There is an essay that was online up to last week. It is one of the best essays on the history of this topic that I have read, The Olympics: The Early Days of Gender Testing, by Patrica Nell. Unfortunately, she has taken it down. It is in her anthology<\/a>, though, and I for one think that that essay alone is worth the book price.
\nLet me give you a hint. Pay attention to the bit on the Cold War<\/a><\/p>\n

Sociological Images out with a great post The question of Caster Semenya’s sex<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

If you were to try to decide what qualifies a person as male or female, what quality would you choose?
\nI can think of eight candidates:<\/p>\n

1. Identity (whatever the person says they are, they are)
\n2. Sexual orientation (boys dig girls, vice versa)
\n3. Secondary sex characteristics (e.g., boobs\/no boobs, pubic hair patterns, distribution of fat on the body)
\n4. External genitalia (e.g., clitoris, labia, vaginal opening\/penis and scrotum)
\n5. Internal genitalia (e.g., vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes\/epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, etc)
\n6. Hormones (preponderance of estrogens\/androgens)
\n7. Gonads (ovaries\/testes)
\n8. Chromosomes (XX\/XY, the SRY gene)<\/p>\n

Most of us assume that these criteria all line up. That is, that people with XY chromosomes have testes that make androgens which creates a penis, epididymis, vas deferens etc\u2026 all the way up to a male-identified person who wants to have sex with women. We also assume that these things are binary (e.g., boobs\/no boobs), when in reality most of them are on a spectrum (e.g., hormones, also boobs, likely sexual orientation).<\/p>\n

But these criteria don\u2019t always line up and sex-linked charactertics aren\u2019t binary. Examples of \u201csyndromes\u201d that disrupt these trajectories abound (e.g., Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome<\/a>). And all kinds of practices, including surgeries, are sometimes used to force a binary when there isn\u2019t one (e.g., intersex surgery to fix the \u201cmicropenis\u201d and \u201cobtrustive\u201d clitoris<\/a> and breast reduction surgery for men<\/a>).<\/p>\n

If these criteria don\u2019t always line up, then we have to pick one as THE determinant of sex. But any choice would ultimately be arbitrary. MORE<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Indeed. As links, Where\u2019s the Rulebook for Sex Verification? <\/a><\/p>\n

HHMI BioInteractive website takes you inside a gender test, with lots of information along the way. (Click particularly on the brief history of gender testing link.)It felt pretty creepy and invasive to me, though, so be warned. The Gender Test<\/a><\/p>\n

The Third Lane: Intersex and the Modern Athlete<\/a> contains more info about the different variations in our bodies that challenge the binary that society has, until now, clung stubbornly to.<\/p>\n

Because of society’s assholishness in dealing with this issue, it is very hard to find a good list of intersexed athletes currently competing, or having competed until recently. That said, here are a couple:<\/p>\n

Edinancni Silva, Brazilian judo<\/a>, Sarah Gronert, Tennis<\/a> (That headline writer needs to be hit with several clue by fours, by the way. It was the best article I could find, however. sigh. ) Rob Newbiggen, boxer<\/a> Just decided to transition to female, hopes to get a female boxing license. You all have anymore to add?<\/p>\n

Finally, have you noticed something with these athletes so far? One of their biggest problems come when they beat their opponents…and the opponents promptly accuse them of being men. (by the way, seriously, do read the articles. because they will state that there is NO scientific evidence that any intersex athlete has any advantage over their other competitors.) For a case of tragic schadenfreude, see Nigerian gender chickens coming home to roost: The case of Intersex football (what you all call soccer) striker Bessy Ekaete Boniface<\/a><\/p>\n

Thats it for today, folks! Next week: Transgender female athletes.<\/p>\n

And now a word from our sponsor…<\/h4>\n


\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Your ad could be here, right now.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n

American Women Athletes Part Two: How intersex athletes are punished by the gender testing system<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The first thing that we are going to need to know, is, what exactly is Intersexuality?
\nThen we are ready for the history behind sex testing. Transgriot starts off with Gender Drama at the 1936 Olympics
\nRobert Ritchie, John Reynard and Tom Lewis continue with Intersex and the Olympic Games
\nIn the following 30 years, the sporting media […]<\/p>\n

And now a word from our sponsor…<\/h4>\n


\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Your ad could be here, right now.<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n

American Women Athletes Part Two: How intersex athletes are punished by the gender testing system<\/a><\/p>\n

Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[98,128],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8653","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-site-and-admin-stuff","category-syndicated-feeds"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/amptoons.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8653","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/amptoons.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/amptoons.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/amptoons.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/40"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/amptoons.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8653"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/amptoons.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8653\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/amptoons.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8653"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/amptoons.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8653"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/amptoons.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8653"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}